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Economic Institutions In Growth And Development

Vrinda Mathur
Sep 06, 2023

Institutional economics refers to a number of economic traditions that are concerned with the social institutions associated with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods, as well as the related social connections (Hodgson 2001, 345-346).

As a result, it has a very broad scope of inquiry and close ties with other disciplines such as economic sociology and economic history, but also with psychology, political science, anthropology, business and management studies, biology, physical science, and, more recently, cognitive, neuro, and brain sciences. Because institutional economics is such a broad church, a clear description of "the" institutional economics position is impossible.

What are Economic Institutions?

In general, depending on the circumstances, there are two methods to characterize economic institutions. First, it is defined as a public or private entity that collects and researches economic data or delivers a service or product deemed economically vital to a nation's economy.

National economic bureaus, tax collection organizations, and university departments dedicated to economic study are a few examples. These institutions are also seen as core structures or organizations in society that are inherent to the economic system or culture, such as banking systems, investment markets, or even a custom, such as paying a weekly allowance to children.

The phrase institutional economics refers to two schools of thought in economics that emerged at distinct points in the twentieth century. This article describes the origins of each stream. The second section explains the fundamental divergence between 'old' and 'new' institutional economics. The differentiation is based on the individual's theoretical treatment. Individual preferences or goals are assumed as given in new institutional economics, whereas in 'old' institutional economics they were seen as molded and rebuilt by social circumstances.

The definition of the term "institution" is critical to understanding what is meant by economic institutions and the role they play in the creation, functioning, and sustainability of an economy. There have been numerous attempts both historically and currently to accurately define the term, usually incorporating a variety of elements such as embedded social rules and interactions, social behavior agreed upon by members of a society that is either self-governed or governed by outside authorities, rules and enforcement, patterns of interactions consistently repeated, and norms of behaviors assigned value to achieve outcomes or expectations, rules and enforcement, patterns of interactions consistently repeated, and norms of behaviors assigned value to achieve outcomes or expectations.

Types of Economic Systems

The economic system is a system that governs how economic resources are distributed among the people of a country. It evolves into a method for economic actors to allocate resources and trade commodities and services. It was utilized to exert control over four production factors: labor, capital, entrepreneurs, and land.

Individuals, businesses, and government are the three key participants in the system. The role of each actor is determined by the system that a country adopts. In some countries, the government is extremely powerful. In other countries, the private sector (individuals and enterprises) is more important. Some of the major kind of economic institutes are:

Traditional economic system:

This system operates on the basis of customs and traditions. Community consensus influences decisions about what, how, and for whom to produce. Property ownership is not clearly defined in this system. Ownership law enforcement is likewise in its early stages. Today, traditional economies are nearly impossible to locate. It may still be available in the tribal interior.

The most obvious shortcoming of this arrangement is that economic activity develops at a glacial pace. However, this system also helps to preserve the environment. Because they rely on nature for a living, their actions are more environmentally friendly.

Free market economy:

A free-market economy promotes the market system for resource allocation. The fundamental concept of a free market economy is that producers and consumers are free to choose how to allocate resources. They are economic agents engaged in the manufacture, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Market mechanisms operate on the basis of demand and supply. When demand for a product increases, prices rise, encouraging producers to divert resources to manufacture it. When demand dips, prices fall, and some enterprises shift production to other goods.

Command economy:

The command economy is the polar opposite of the free market. The government decides how to allocate resources, including what is produced and how commodities and services are produced and distributed. The state also controls how money and riches are distributed among the people. Private enterprises are not permitted to operate under this system. Similarly, the market system does not function.

The commercial motivation is being replaced by the social welfare motive. Individuals do not compete with one another, but rather follow the plans of the government. This is due to government control and planning of economic activities. This system promotes more equitable well-being. Furthermore, unemployment is low because the government has the authority to order everyone to work on government projects.

Mixed economy:

A mixed economy blends the market and command systems. This system attempts to compensate for the shortcomings of the other two methods. Most countries use this approach, albeit to varying degrees. For example, China favors a command economy, whereas the United States favors a free market.

This system integrates the roles of the private and governmental sectors in answering the three key questions raised above. Both play a role in resource allocation. Typically, the public sector provides public goods such as infrastructure and health care. In addition, the private sector contributes to various aspects of the economy. There is also the Public-Private Partnership, which is a merged sector.

Centrally organized:

In this, society develops and implements economic plans to guide the production, investment, and distribution of commodities, services, and resources. The government only intervenes in industrial processes to ensure conformity with international policy and to regulate fair trade agreements. Furthermore, in a centrally planned economy, governments participate in coordinated efforts to provide public services.

Examples of Economic Institutions

Among the most important examples of economic institutions are the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization. Economic institutions vary in their characteristics depending on their nature.

The institutions or economic organisms are the entities that administer the economies of the people, groups, companies, or nations that are tied to such institutions. Listed below are some examples:

The World Bank:

It is a United Nations Organization dependent entity that aims to provide economic and financial assistance to countries in economic difficulty. It arose in order to aid countries in their recovery following World War II.

International Monetary Fund:

IMF stands for International Monetary Fund. It is an institution created by the United Nations. Its primary goal is to foster collaboration among the countries that form it, as well as financial stability in these countries. The fund's member countries can use it to solve a financial or economic challenge that they are presenting.

The World Trade Organization:

(WTO), It is in charge of developing the rules and regulations that govern all global trade exchanges. Furthermore, it supports the establishment of new enterprises, and its primary goal is for the economy to grow rapidly

Union Economic and Monetary:

It is made up of European Union member countries. It began with the adoption of the euro as a single currency. This union strives to have unified economic policies in order to achieve the region's objectives and ambitions.

CEPAL:

The Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC) is a United Nations regional commission. It was established with the goal of contributing to the economies of the nations that comprise it, as well as to its growth and development, and, most importantly, to the building of economic links between member countries as well as with other countries across the world.

The National Treasury:

It is an institution that is a part of each country's economy and state. He is in charge of researching the public sector's finances. This organization assists in making decisions or providing answers about income and expenses. The government can intervene in the market economy, usually through the Public Treasury.

Companies:

Companies are institutions that are primarily concerned with the operation of economic systems. The enterprises intend to freely participate in the production of goods and services in order to meet the demands and needs.

Economic Institutions in growth and development:

If you want to predict a country's prosperity, look at its institutions. The legal and administrative structures that support every civilization produce what economists call an "enabling environment" for wealth generation. When they fail, trust is destroyed, and economies might suffer, as recently indicated by Ricardo Hausmann. Collaboration between the public and private sectors is very vital for increasing productivity. However, in the absence of robust institutions, the alliance can become dysfunctional, with both sectors conspiring to maximize profits at the expense of the consumer.

Institutions are only as strong as the state that supports them. Institutions are integrated in the social framework of a society, which influences how they function as well as their impact on economic outcomes. According to Acemoglu et al. 2019, democratizations improve GDP per capita by around 20% on average in the long run. However, this does not imply that elections should be held in order to achieve the observed average boost-effect. State capacity is critical in explaining disparities in institutional performance and policy efficiency because it is affected by the incentives, attitudes, and professional norms held by state staff.

Researchers have long sought to find 'primary movers,' or institutions with a unique ability to influence others. This is not a simple task. Institutional strengthening is a long-term process that takes decades, if not centuries, to complete. However, policymakers can still make a difference in the short run by pursuing smart institutional improvements.

According to Prof. Velasco, such attempts should seek low-hanging fruits, fast victories, and shortcuts in order to kickstart the process of subsequent institutional reforms. The example of budget institutions, such as fiscal responsibility laws, exemplifies this notion. Because of sound budget institutions developed during periods of economic boom, countries such as Peru and Chile were able to avoid hard fiscal austerity measures and effectively manage public debt during times of crisis.

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Economic Institutions In Growth And Development

What are Economic Institutions?

Types of Economic Systems

Traditional economic system:

Free market economy:

Command economy:

Mixed economy:

Centrally organized:

Examples of Economic Institutions

The World Bank:

International Monetary Fund:

The World Trade Organization:

Union Economic and Monetary:

CEPAL:

The National Treasury:

Companies:

Economic Institutions in growth and development:

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ntanzielvis317b24625874b64920

ntanzielvis317b24625874b64920

ntanzielvis317b24625874b64920

ntanzielvis317b24625874b64920

ntanzielvis317b24625874b64920

ntanzielvis317b24625874b64920

ntanzielvis317b24625874b64920

ntanzielvis317b24625874b64920

ntanzielvis317b24625874b64920

Jay Thorne