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Key Steps and Techniques of Data Pre-processing

Soumalya Bhattacharyya
Mar 01, 2023

Real-world data is typically unreliable, noisy, and inconsistent. There might be several missing or unnecessary pieces of data. To address this issue, data cleansing is done. Data cleaning techniques try to correct data inconsistencies by completing missing values, reducing noise while detecting outliers, and smoothing unwanted noise. Data and the model might become muddled by unclean data. As a result, one crucial stage in the data preprocessing process is to run the data through several data-cleaning tools.

The process of transforming unstructured data into an understandable format is known as data preparation in data mining. Real-world data typically lack particular actions or patterns, is inconsistent, or all of these things. It also frequently contains plenty of errors. This might lead to the acquisition of low-quality data, which could then lead to the creation of low-quality models using those data. One way to deal with these issues is to preprocess the data.

Machines can only understand 1s and 0s; they are unable to understand free text, images, or videos. Inferring that our machine learning model will be able to learn from a presentation of all of our images is probably not going to be enough.

Any machine learning procedure that involves preprocessing data changes or encoding the data to facilitate parsing by the computer. In other words, the characteristics of the data are now easily understood by the algorithm.

Why is Data Preprocessing important?

Data preprocessing, a part of data preparation, refers to any sort of processing done on raw data to get it ready for another data processing technique. It has historically been a significant first stage in the data mining process. Data preparation approaches have recently been modified for training AI and machine learning models as well as for making inferences against them.

Data preprocessing changes the data into a format that can be handled more quickly and efficiently in data mining, machine learning, and other data science operations. To assure reliable findings, the approaches are typically applied from the very beginning of the machine learning and AI development pipeline.

To get accurate, precise, and resilient findings for corporate applications, almost every sort of data analysis, data science, or AI development requires some kind of data pretreatment.

Real-world data is a mess and is often generated, processed, and stored by a variety of people, business procedures, and applications. As a result, a data collection may lack certain fields, have manual entry mistakes, have duplicate data, or use several names to represent the same item. The data that humans utilize in their field of work can frequently be flawed and fixed by humans, while data used to train machine learning or deep learning algorithms must be automatically preprocessed.

When data is presented in a way that highlights the important details needed to solve an issue, machine learning, and deep learning algorithms perform at their peak. Data transformation, data reduction, feature selection, and feature scaling techniques used in feature engineering assist in reorganizing raw data into a format suitable for specific kinds of algorithms. By doing this, the computing power and time needed to train a new machine learning or artificial intelligence algorithm or perform an inference against it may be greatly reduced.

The possibility for bias to be reencoded into the data set should be taken into consideration while preprocessing data. For applications that assist in making decisions that have an impact on individuals, such as loan approvals, recognizing and eliminating prejudice is essential. Even though data scientists may purposefully disregard factors like gender, color, or religion, these characteristics may be connected with other factors like zip codes or the schools attended, leading to biased conclusions.

Many preprocessing libraries are now included in the majority of contemporary data science packages and services, helping to automate many of these operations. As was already said, data preparation is essential in the early phases of developing machine learning and AI applications. Data preprocessing is used in an AI set to enhance the way data is cleaned, converted, and formatted to increase the accuracy of a new model while lowering the amount of computing needed.

A solid data preparation pipeline can provide reusable parts that make it simpler to try out various concepts for optimizing corporate operations or raising consumer pleasure. For instance, by increasing the age ranges used to categorize clients, preprocessing might enhance the way data is arranged for a recommendation engine.

Preprocessing can make it easier to create and edit data so that business intelligence insights are more precise and focused. Customers of various sizes, classifications, or geographies, for instance, may behave differently across areas. BI teams may find it easier to include these insights in BI dashboards if the data is preprocessed into the right formats.

Data preparation is an aspect of web mining in a customer relationship management (CRM) setting. It is possible to preprocess web use logs to extract user transactions, which are meaningful sets of data made up of collections of URL references. User sessions may be monitored to determine the user, the websites accessed, the sequence in which they were requested, and the amount of time spent on each. When they are extracted from the raw data, they produce more insightful data that may, for instance, be used in consumer research, marketing, or customization.

Key steps in data preprocessing

Data preprocessing includes the following steps:

Data profiling:

To get statistics regarding the quality of the data, data profiling entails looking at, evaluating, and reviewing the data. The analysis begins with a review of the properties of the available data.

Data scientists find the data sets that are relevant to the issue at hand, list their important characteristics, and then speculate on which properties could be crucial for the suggested analytics or machine learning activity. Along with thinking about potential preprocessing libraries, they also tie data sources to pertinent business principles.

Data cleansing:

Here, the goal is to identify the simplest approach to address quality concerns, such as removing inaccurate data, completing data gaps, or generally ensuring that the raw data is appropriate for feature engineering.

Data reduction:

Raw data collections frequently contain duplicate data that results from categorizing occurrences in many ways, as well as data that is unrelated to a certain ML, AI, or analytics application. Principal component analysis and other data reduction techniques are used to simplify the raw data so that it is more acceptable for certain use cases.

Data transformation:

In data transformation, data scientists consider how various facets of the data should be arranged to make the aim as clear-cut as possible. This could entail organizing unstructured data, integrating relevant variables where it makes sense or selecting crucial ranges to concentrate on.

Data Enrichment:

Data scientists do the desired changes to the data in this stage by applying the various feature engineering libraries to the data. The result should be a data set that is structured to strike the best possible balance between the time needed to train a new model and the computation needed.

Data validation:

The data is divided into two sets at this point. A machine learning or deep learning model is trained using the initial batch of data. The testing data are the second set, and they are used to evaluate the model's accuracy and resilience. This second stage aids in finding any issues with the hypothesis that was used to clean and feature-engineer the data.

When the data scientists are happy with the outcomes, they may assign the preprocessing assignment to a data engineer who will scale it for production. If this is the case, the data scientists can go back and modify how they carried out the feature engineering and data purification stages.

What are the Data preprocessing techniques?

The Data Preprocessing Techniques

The two major techniques of preprocessing are feature engineering and data cleansing. As shown below, each uses several strategies.

Data cleansing:

Multiple factors might be at play if some fields of data are missing from a data collection. Tossing out records with blank fields, ignoring them, or filling them up with a likely value are the three options that data scientists must choose from. For instance, if a temperature recorder in an IoT application is missing the average temperature between two recordings, putting it in might be a secure workaround.

The noise in real-world data might corrupt analytical or AI models. For instance, a temperature sensor that typically produced readings of 75 degrees Fahrenheit would inadvertently report a temperature of 250 degrees. Binning, regression, and clustering are just a few examples of the statistical methods that may be employed to minimize the noise.

An algorithm must assess whether the same measurement was recorded twice or whether the data reflect separate occurrences when two records appear to be identical. In certain instances, a record may have minor discrepancies because one field was entered erroneously.

In other instances, records that appear to be duplicates may be distinct, such as when a father and son with the same name residing in the same home but ought to be listed as separate people. These kinds of issues can be automatically resolved with the use of methods for locating, eliminating, and connecting duplicates.

Feature engineering:

As previously mentioned, feature engineering refers to methods used by data scientists to arrange the data in a way that makes it easier to train data models and draw conclusions against them. These methods consist of the following:

Scaling or normalizing a feature Multiple variables frequently fluctuate at various scales, or one variable may change linearly while another change exponentially. For instance, age may be expressed in double digits whereas pay may be expressed in thousands of dollars. A meaningful link between variables may be more easily extracted by algorithms thanks to scaling, which helps to alter the data.

To develop a new AI or analytics model, data scientists frequently need to mix several data sources. Some of the factors might not be connected to a specific result and can be safely ignored. Other factors could be important, but only in connection to one another. For example, the debt-to-credit ratio may be merged into a single variable in a model that predicts the chance that a loan will be repaid. To create a more effective representation, the training data set's dimensions must be reduced using methods like principal component analysis.

Putting unprocessed numbers into distinct intervals is frequently helpful. Income, for instance, can be divided into five levels that are typical of borrowers of a certain type of loan. This can lower the cost associated with training a model or using it to make conclusions.

Unstructured data must be converted into a structured representation as part of feature engineering. Text, audio, and video can all be included in unstructured data types. For instance, Word2vec is a common data transformation technique used to convert words into numerical vectors as the first step in the development of natural language processing systems. This makes it simple to illustrate to the algorithm that while a term like "home" is fundamentally distinct, words like "mail" and "parcel" are comparable. Similar to how raw pixel data is recoded into vectors that reflect the separations between facial features by a facial recognition system.

Conclusion:

The process of putting raw data into a comprehensible format is known as data preprocessing. Being unable to work with raw data makes it a crucial stage in data mining as well. Before using data mining or machine learning methods, the quality of the data should be examined.

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Key Steps and Techniques of Data Pre-processing

Why is Data Preprocessing important?

Key steps in data preprocessing

Data profiling:

Data cleansing:

Data reduction:

Data transformation:

Data Enrichment:

Data validation:

What are the Data preprocessing techniques?

Data cleansing:

Feature engineering:

Conclusion:

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