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Understanding the Concept of Zero-Trust Security
- Vrinda Mathur
- Mar 10, 2023
Zero trust is a framework for cloud and mobile security that asserts that no user or application should be trusted by default. Trust is established based on context (e.g., user identity and location, the security posture of the endpoint, the app or service being requested), with policy checks at each step, in accordance with a key zero trust principle, least-privileged access.
What do you understand about Zero Trust Security?
Zero Trust Security is a concept created on the belief that implicit trust is always a vulnerability, and therefore security must be designed with the strategy of "Never trust, always verify". In its most basic form, Zero Trust restricts access to IT resources by enforcing strict identity and device verification processes.
Zero Trust Identity (ZTI) and Zero Trust Access (ZTA) both ensure that no device or user is trusted by default, regardless of location or type, and Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) restricts verified users and devices to specific network segments rather than granting network-wide access.
Zero Trust requires users and devices to use stringent security controls before they can access protected resources. Zero Trust identity authentication and authorization are based on the principle of least privilege (PoLP), which grants the absolute minimum rights required for a given function - before even a single packet is transferred.
Since changes in how network resources are accessed, this has become necessary. The days of a network perimeter or VPN-only access are over; today's increasingly mobile workforce and growth in the work-from-home movement necessitate new security methods for users, while the increasingly distributed nature of computing with containers and microservices necessitates more device-to-device connections.
A zero-trust architecture necessitates visibility and control over the environment's users and traffic, including encrypted traffic; monitoring and verification of traffic between parts of the environment; and strong multi-factor authentication (MFA) methods other than passwords, such as biometrics or one-time codes.
Critically, in a zero-trust architecture, a resource's network location is no longer the most important factor in its security posture. Instead of rigid network segmentation, software-defined micro-segmentation protects your data, workflows, services, and other assets, allowing you to keep them secure anywhere, whether in your data center or in distributed hybrid and multi-cloud environments.
What is Zero Trust?
John Kindervag, a Forrester Research VP and principal analyst, came up with the concept of zero trust. When he realized that existing security models relied on the outdated assumption that everything within the enterprise network should be trusted, he presented the model for the concept in 2010. When Google announced the implementation of a zero trust security policy in their own network in 2013, acceptance of the zero trust model accelerated. Gartner had identified zero trust as a critical component of secure access service edge solutions by 2019.
The term "Zero Trust" refers to an approach to IT security that assumes there is no trusted network perimeter and that all network transactions must be authenticated before they can occur.
Zero trust is founded on the principle of 'never trust, always verify,' and it is supported by other network security methodologies such as network segmentation and stringent access controls. A zero trust network defines a 'protect the surface,' which includes critical data, assets, applications, and services, also known as DAAS. When only critical assets are included, the protected surface is typically much smaller than the entire attack surface.
Zero trust security has replaced old assumptions that resources within the enterprise network perimeter should be trusted, and it sees trust as a vulnerability because users on a 'trusted' network can exploit vulnerabilities.
A zero-trust architecture makes no attempt to build a trusted network. Instead, the concept of trust is completely abandoned. Once the protected surface is determined, the linchpins of creating and enforcing secure access policies for protected data are determining how network traffic traverses the surface, learning which users are accessing protected assets, and cataloging the applications used and the methods of connectivity.
When those dependencies are understood, it is possible to implement controls close to the protected surface to create a micro perimeter, typically through the use of a next-generation firewall (NGFW) known as a segmentation gateway, which only allows known traffic from legitimate users and applications.
Also Read | Five Tips for Ensuring the Best Cybersecurity Plan for Your Business
How does Zero Trust Security work?
The core idea behind zero trust is straightforward: assume that everything is hostile by default. It represents a significant departure from the network security model based on the centralized data center and secure network perimeter, which has been in use since the 1990s. These network architectures rely on trusted IP addresses, ports, and protocols to establish access controls and validate what's trusted within the network, which typically includes anyone connecting via remote access VPN.
A zero-trust approach, on the other hand, considers all traffic, even if it is already inside the perimeter, to be hostile. Workloads, for example, are prevented from communicating until a set of attributes, such as a fingerprint or identity, validates them. Identity-based validation policies result in increased security that follows the workload wherever it communicates—in a good way.
This framework's implementation combines advanced technologies such as risk-based multi-factor authentication, identity protection, next-generation endpoint security, and robust cloud workload technology to verify a user's or system's identity, take into account access at that time, and maintain system security. Zero Trust also necessitates the consideration of data encryption, email security, and the hygiene of assets and endpoints before they connect to applications.
Zero Trust represents a significant departure from traditional network security, which adhered to the "trust but verify" principle. The traditional approach automatically trusted users and endpoints within the organization's perimeter, exposing the organization to malicious internal actors and legitimate credentials taken over by malicious actors, granting unauthorized and compromised accounts broad access once inside.
Zero trust protects applications and services even when they communicate across network environments because it is environment-agnostic, requiring no architectural changes or policy updates. Zero trust securely connects users, devices, and applications over any network using business policies, enabling safe digital transformation.
The term "zero trust" is being abused in marketing. Vendors are using the term "Zero Trust" to market everything in the security industry, which is causing significant marketing confusion.
Principals and Benefits of Zero Trust
Zero trust entails more than just user identification, segmentation, and secure access. It is a strategy for establishing a cybersecurity ecosystem. Some basic principles followed by zero trust security are:
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Terminate all connections:
Firewalls, for example, use a "passthrough" approach, inspecting files as they are delivered. When a malicious file is detected, alerts are frequently received too late. An effective zero-trust solution terminates every connection to allow an inline proxy architecture to inspect all traffic, including encrypted traffic, in real time—before it reaches its destination—to prevent ransomware, malware, and more.
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Device Confidence:
Organizations can greatly reduce the risk of a non-authorized user gaining access to a device and using that access for malicious purposes by implementing solutions such as device management, device inventory, device compliance, and device authentication.
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Continuous Validation:
Continuous verification implies that no trusted zones, credentials, or devices are available at any time. As a result, the phrase "Never Trust, Always Verify" has become popular. Because verification must be applied to such a diverse set of assets on a continuous basis, several key elements must be in place for this to work effectively:
- Conditional access is based on risk. This ensures that the workflow is only interrupted when risk levels change, allowing for continuous verification without compromising the user experience.
- Dynamic policy model deployment that is both quick and scalable. Because workloads, data, and users can move frequently, the policy must account not only for risk but also for compliance and IT policy requirements. Organizations are still subject to compliance and organizational-specific requirements when they implement Zero Trust.
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Granular context-based policies used to protect data:
Zero trust policies validate access requests and rights based on contexts, such as user identity, device, location, content type, and application being requested. Because policies are adaptable, user access privileges are constantly reassessed as the context changes.
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Reduce the risk by removing the attack surface:
Users connect directly to the apps and resources they require with a zero-trust approach, never to networks (see ZTNA). Direct connections between apps and users eliminate the risk of lateral movement and keep compromised devices from infecting other resources. Furthermore, because users and apps are invisible to the internet, they cannot be discovered or attacked.
Also Read | Zero Trust Explained- Meaning, Foundation, and Advantages
Benefits of using Zero Trust Security
Organizations can limit the scope of the damage if credentials are compromised or malware gets through by eliminating or significantly reducing standing privilege. This method not only secures remote workforces more effectively than traditional methods, but it also increases organizational productivity agility. Some of the benefits of zero trust security have been listed below:
Benefits of Zero Trust Security
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Gain More Visibility Throughout the Organization:
Whereas a Zero Trust approach never assumes anyone or anything can be trusted, you must base your security strategy on criticality and risk. In the modern cloud era, ephemeral resources such as containers and serverless processes pose a significant challenge. A Zero Trust framework necessitates visibility into legacy and modern resources, as well as the development of a solution capable of discovering, onboarding, and monitoring access to those resources.
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Accurate infrastructure inventory:
Zero trust requires administrators to understand which users, devices, data, applications, and services are part of the corporate infrastructure and where they are located. An accurate infrastructure inventory is useful not only for security purposes but also for long-term performance planning.
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Simplify IT Administration:
You can use automation to evaluate access requests because Zero Trust is built on the foundation of continuous monitoring and analytics. If the privileged access management (PAM) system determines that the key identifiers in the request are low-risk, access is granted automatically. Only when the automated system flags a request as suspicious does it need to be approved.
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Enhanced end-user experience:
When end users think of IT security, the first thing that comes to mind is the difficulty in remembering the various passwords required to access the applications and data required to perform their job duties. One critical component of zero trust is the ability to deploy single sign-on (SSO) tools that greatly reduce the number of passwords end users must remember.
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Enhance Existing Security Personnel:
A Zero Trust strategy also allows your security team to work smarter. Centralized monitoring allows you to generate reliable data in a single location and enable strong analytics, providing your team with new insights that can help them maintain a more secure environment. A unified event store in a Zero Trust architecture can monitor and analyze activity to reduce 'noise' and help operations staff focus on real threats.
Conclusion:
To sum up, the Adoption of Zero Trust is a complex process that necessitates cultural change at all levels — every employee must understand and contribute to it. Business leaders, practitioners, and stakeholders across the organization must collaborate to implement new technologies, methods of operation, and policies that support business agility and improve security.
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